Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and removing damaged or unnecessary cells. It is regulated by intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic (death receptor) pathways, involving caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and other signaling molecules. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis is a controlled and energy-dependent process, preventing inflammation and ensuring proper development and immune…